Gas prices Essay Example For Students

Gas costs Essay Your check is accepting less for a few reasons. First of all, on the off chance that you plan on setting off to the corner store nowadays you better bring along the checkbook. Gas costs have been on the ascent since it bottomed out back in May of a year ago when we were just paying $0.64 a gallon contrasted with todays $1.54.9 per gallon. With the goal that raise you got, simply toss it directly out the window since it isn't doing anything for you now. Not exclusively can you not drive anyplace, yet flying is increasingly costly nowadays as well. My hypothesis is, that the oil organizations are getting ready for the mass measures of cash they will lose later on, on the grounds that oil will before long be depleted from our mom earth. At the point when we showed up, we were astounded at the wedding being very conventional. The congregation, set in the rear of their little network. Followed by the gathering, which occurred at a lobby close by. Dislike the past wedding I went as well, which was outside right along Lake Michigan, and the gathering occurred inside the chateau that remained close by. However, I surmise a few people like to be conventionalists and that will carry out the responsibility also. Before a player can be viewed as Most Valuable in their class, some fundamental zones are to be thought of. Did that player lead the group in objectives, focuses per game, homers, or any significant class that would lead his group, if not the association? Was that individual on a triumphant group, or was he the triple crown victor, which is having hit the most grand slams, R.B.I.s, and fair hits. These are everything to consider while picking a MVP. Since there are such a significant number of extraordinary competitors nowadays picking a MVP can be very troublesome, and that is the reason they take a gander at such huge numbers of various zones of the game to pick the Most Valuable Player. Home isn't a simple term to characterize. The vast majority of us being junior college understudies, see it just like a spot for solace and commonality. Home is the place the heart is, correct, it is likewise where I live for nothing, eat for nothing, and rest for nothing as well. Being ceaselessly from home is an incredible encounter, it is extreme out there doing each one of those things without anyone else. Mom won't come over and cook and clean for you no more, once your out. That is the reason we love home, keeping it that one final spot of tranquility before we move out to this present reality.

Logistics and Operations Management Apple

Questions: 1. Significance of procedure structure on product.2. Points and destinations of item or administrations utilizing this specific design.3. Phases of item so as to show plan concept.4. The effect of execution destinations on structure. Answers: Presentation: Strategic and activity the executives is the essential worry of this specific investigation. Activity the board is basically one of the most significant divisions of a business association that manages the structuring and the whole procedure of item creation. The essential duty of the activity supervisory crew is to control the way toward planning an item so as to draw the consideration of the clients. In this specific task, Apple has been picked as a chose organization. Apple is one of the biggest innovation worldwide organizations dependent on US. The headquarter of this specific association is in California, US. Various electronic items are accessible here, for example, PC, cell phone, TV, etc. Apple iphone has involved unmistakable spot at the present situation by giving its sublime flexibly in the worldwide market. The operational division of Apple is so composed and efficient that they have set a magnificent situation in the field of International market. They have kept up a ha rmony among flexibly and request of their item. This is one of the compelling industry methodologies to draw the consideration of the clients. 1. Significance of procedure plan on item: Giving another and appealing plan in a specific item is basic to get the clients consideration. While fabricating a specific item, planning is one of the significant strides so as to make it reasonable for the market. The general aim of a buyer is to choose those sorts of items that are had with an appealing viewpoint. Subsequently, operational supervisors keep a consistent control on the whole procedure of item structure with the goal that their item can without much of a stretch make a market request. Accordingly, Apple has just created a market request even in the worldwide documented. The advancement of Apple iphone has become an extra advantage for building the notoriety of the organization. The basic role of Apple iphoneat the underlying stage was to pull in the clients by the giving an alternate structure of this brand with the goal that clients will in general give their consideration. Particularly Applesiphone 6 and 6plus is have created an unmistakable consideration available. The both arrangement are made with 7000 aluminum. It is one of the most grounded composites that the clients have ever gone over in their everyday life. Andzuliset at. (2012) expressed that the presentation of iphone 6 has become as perhaps the most grounded glass all through the world. The smooth, thin and unibody configuration has made an interest in the worldwide market. Besides, clients can get the decisions of four dazzling hues while buying the item. The hues incorporate gold, silver, space dim lastly rose-gold. The retina HD show of iphone 6 just as 6plus includes the additional fascination of this specific brand. In addition, clients can get a lively and sharp look as a result of this presentation. The exceptional structured standpoint of this specific item has become effectively simply because of the dynamic investment of the activity supervisory crew of Apple. 2. Points and goals of item or administrations utilizing this specific plan: Behind creation a specific item with an appropriate plan, the operational supervisory group means to accomplish some essential targets. The camera of apple ipone has been planned as eight megapixel so as to satisfy a specific targets. Eight megapixel is sufficient to get an ideal picture for any client. Subsequently, they don't need to convey additional camera with them. Hence, picture limit matters profoundly for buying a telephone. Apple iphne 6 and 6 or more is bvery fruitful in this regard. The battery limit of iphon 6 arrangement has without a doubt made an interest in the global field. The battery limit is even changed that iphone 5 arrangement. In addition, the speed of iphone 6 arrangement has crossed the past rendition even. So as to intrigue the clients consideration, the activity the board has chosen to make this arrangement quicker with the goal that individuals don't feel bore to utilize the item in the midst of their bustling calendar. Barberand Tietje (2008) expressed that, the operational administration division has adjusted the variant of iphone 6 arrangement so as to satisfy the interest of their customers.People remaining in the present period in the midst of occupied timetable, need propelled utilization of innovation. In this manner, they need to utilize quicker form so as to make a harmony among need and time. Apple iphone 6 arrangement are the brilliant case of this. 3. Phases of item so as to delineate plan idea: So as to satisfy the interest of the clients, the activity supervisory group of Apple iphone has chosen to join such sort of plan with in the item so clients give their consideration (Dickson 2009). The plan idea has just been referenced previously. Along these lines, activity the board of Apple has proposed to follow some significant strides so as to configuration just as build up the brand of ipone 6 seriesXu et al. (2013). The stages are as per the following; Producing the thought: Prior to structuring an item, activity chiefs need to create the plan to dispatch a specific item. The representatives in the item producing division assume a significant job here (Tuand Liu2011). Activity administrators like to talk with the representatives and the client assistance division about the creating thoughts (Dominici2009). In the wake of getting a positive reaction from the workers, activity directors like to continue in the following stage. Before structuring the result of Apple iphone 6, the activity supervisory crew of this specific division chose to cause brief to talk with the representatives. Participative initiative style has been kept up in Apple (Sundarakani2011). Hence, the representatives get full freedom to communicate their own place of perspectives to the administrators about the hierarchical objective. Exceptionally, the specialist organizations of client assistance division can give better choice in such manner as they have well understanding about the clients request (Erevelles2012). They would be capable uncover whether the clients would acknowledge the idea or not. Assessing the Concept; After successful conference with the concerned workers, the activity directors like to include the leaders of this association who might have the option to give a viable choice subsequent to making an examination on that issue (Stuhlfautand Yoo2013). Leaders of apple not just give a general view while structuring an item like apple iphone 6 (Stephens Balakrishnan2011). They like to give an away from about the upsides and downsides of propelling this item. It comes as awarenessfor the operational supervisors before facing a challenge of propelling Apple iphone 6. The dynamic group of Apple gave positive criticisms to the activity directors and they made progress in this specific matter(Erevellesand Fukawa2012) Assessment of the market: Market assessment suggests the input gathered from the clients or the objective gathering. A few different ways are there to accumulate the reaction of the clients whether it is certain or negative. Thee specialist organizations can straightforwardly cooperate with the clients so as to get a prompt criticism (Spiro et al. 2009). Else, they can advance their image with the assistance of media also so countless individuals can be recognizable about their item (Peguand Kumar2011). If there should arise an occurrence of Apple, the market assessment has been led through web, email, electronic media, print media and direct connection also. The activity chiefs of this specific association train the representatives to cause a powerful correspondence with the clients so the clients to get quick reaction of their interest or some other quires. Investigating the item: On the off chance that the thought or the idea has been acknowledged by the clients or the objective gathering, the subsequent stage of operational supervisory crew is to direct an inside and out investigation of that specific item (Sonboli et al. 2011). Examination infers item planning cost, producing cost, deal cost, etc. The activity directors need to keep on mind that the accessibility of item is required so as to make a harmony among request and gracefully (Pennington2012). In addition, the creators must be delegated in the particular field who might assist the supervisors with making an appropriate structure that will draw the clients consideration. For a model, before propelling the result of Apple iphone 6, the creators of this association recommended this new arrangement should cover all the downsides of its past arrangement. The battery limit of iphone 5 genuine was surprisingly shocking according to the criticism of various clients. The Samsung hardware had used this disadvantages of Apple by propelling Samsung A7 in the year 2016. Besides, the camera ought to be of eight megapixel with the goal that the clients don't need to convey additional camera to go to any event. This element has likewise added an extra advantage to make the interest in the market even in the worldwide field too. Making the plan for propelling the item: These are the underlying advances that ought to be kept up for the benefit of the activity administrative branch of Apple before structuring an item (Shepherd 2011). In the wake of gathering the market assessment report and the reaction accumulated from the workers, the supervisory group begins to continue on the subsequent stage that is structuring making wanting to give a reasonable viewpoint to drawing the clients consideration. Setup and item quality would have neither rhyme nor reason if the item configuration doesn't pull in the clients (Podolyakinaand Popova2014). Accordingly, so as to create an interest of an item in the market structure and administration quality is one of main considerations. 4. The effect of perform

Learning Style Inventory Types and Their Uses

Learning Style Inventory Types and Their Uses Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Learning Style Inventory Types and Their Uses By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 01, 2020 PeopleImages.com / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Learning style inventories are designed to help respondents determine which learning style they have. These inventories typically take the form of a questionnaire that focuses on how people prefer to learn. Respondents choose the answers that most closely resemble their own preferences. How a Learning Style Inventory Is Used Learning style inventories are based on the idea that people have different strengths and preferences when it comes to learning. Many theories exist suggesting that people can be classified based on their predominant learning style. Most of these ideas propose that all people learn differently and that designing instruction based on these learning styles can enhance the educational process.? This notion that people possess different learning styles first became a popular concept during the 1970s. Since then, learning style theories have had a tremendous impact on the field of education. Teachers often utilize learning style inventories at the outset of a class to discover more about students and to help students better understand how they learn. Learning style inventories remain a popular classroom tool despite the fact that research has found little evidence that matching a students learning preferences to instructional methods produces better educational outcomes. A number of studies have found that students taught according to their identified learning style do no better than students who are not matched to their style.?? However, research has supported the idea that people have definite preferences for how they learn new information.?? At best, learning style inventories might be a way for students to develop study habits that keep them interested and engaged in the learning process. Students may find it useful to discover their preferences and then use this information to hone their study routines. Visual learners, for example, might benefit from creating symbols, graphs, and other visual information while studying the material in question. Popular Learning Style Inventories These are popular types of learning style inventories: Kolbs Learning Style Inventory (LSI) Perhaps one of the best-known and most widely used questionnaires is the Learning Style Inventory (LSI) based on Kolbs learning styles. The computerized assessment allows students to discover their learning style and also provides information on how educators can use this information to best serve students as well as possible strategies for accommodating different learning styles. Flemings VARK Learning Style Questionnaire In Flemings VARK learning style model, learners are identified as one of four different types: visual, auditory, reading/writing and kinesthetic. In 1987, he developed a questionnaire based on his model that was designed to help people learn more about their individual style. The model and questionnaire quickly became very popular among students and educators, and both remain widely used today. Jacksons Learning Styles Profiler (LSP) The Learning Style Profiler (LSP) is based on Chris J. Jacksons hybrid model of learning in personality. Jacksons model suggests that learning styles are influenced by a variety of factors including experience, personal choice, and biology. The profiler is designed to assess how people learn at work, so it is often used in organizational and business settings. Online Learning Style Quizzes There are also many free online quizzes available online. While these informal questionnaires are a fun way to gain a little more insight into how you like to learn, it is important to realize that most have never been studied or validated in any way. Taking such online quizzes can be a fun way to discover some of your own learning preferences, try not to put to much stock into your results.

Factors That Lead To Date Rape - 1495 Words

Statement of the topic There are many factors that contribute to date rape that can be prevented but also out of many individuals control. Date rape, â€Å"which is defined as â€Å"nonconsensual sex between two people who are dating, whether it is a ï ¬ rst date or an established relationship† (Shultz, Scherman, Marshall, 2000, p. 193)† (McQuiller Williams, Porter, Smith, 2016). Examples of these factors may be; having intercourse with the individual once before and they expect it again, going to a quiet room at a party after just meeting one another, going on a date and there be miscommunications. Another big contributing factor is alcohol and drugs. There are many incidents that alcohol or drugs may blur an individual s ability to assess a†¦show more content†¦These excuses could be what the victim was wearing, how they were acting and if they were under the influence. There are many times that women are slut-shamed because individuals look at the victim and ask, why would you let that happen? In society, this has been shameful to report these acts because the victims fear how she/he will be viewed by the public and most times do not get their voices heard. â€Å"Researchers have found that rape is the crime women fear the most (Ferraro, 1995, Fisher Sloan, 2003; Gordon Riger, 1991; Hilinski, 2009; Lane, Gover, Dahod, 2009, Warr, 1985)† (Renzetti, Curran and Maier, 2012). This is true among the other factor that could result in sexual violence. This could be the violence ending with a robbery or as extreme as a homicide. Another reason that individuals may not report the abuse is that it is ongoing and have been threatened because the offender withholds a higher status. Sexual violence is a huge growing epidemic that causes serious public health with both long-term and short-term effects on individuals physical and mental well-being. Rape and other forms of violence can resort the victims to have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because of how much it emotionally impacts the individual. â€Å"94% of women who are raped experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the two weeks following the rape† (Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics, n.d.). Victims also may believe and feel that theirShow MoreRelated Rape Culture Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesRape Culture Many of the attitudes, beliefs, and mistaken ideas about rape have been with us for centuries. By looking at myths, such as â€Å"women ask for it,† and â€Å"it would do some women good to get raped,† from a historical perspective, lead us for better understanding how they evolved. Women are still seen as the property of men, are protected as such. Men and women are still taught to occupy very different roles in today’s world. Men are usually more aggressive, and women are seen as passiveRead MoreHigh School And College Campuses947 Words   |  4 Pagespunishment programs can be enforced in high school and college campuses to discourage and prevent: extensive use of alcohol to the point of alcohol poisoning potentially leading to the death of the individual(s), prevention of reckless sexual behavior, date rape and other sexual violence. By enforcing more and effective programs through means of education, prevention and punishment the frequency of these actions in high schools and college campuses will decrease substantially. Furthermore, all of these programsRead MoreEssay about Drinking Alcohol Causes Sexual Assault1305 Words   |  6 Pagessuggest that alcohol is a major factor in sexual assaults. Crimes such as these could be greatly reduced if alcohol was not in the picture. Unfortunately, there are many sexual assaults, or rapes, per year. According to the Affirmative Action Office at Iowa State University, there have been at least two reported rapes per weekend since classes have begun this year. Throughout the United States in 1996, there were 98,000 completed rapes, and 219,000 attempted rapes (Stanford University, 1999). MostRead MoreEssay on struggle for independance1103 Words   |  5 Pagessymptomatic of a growing rate of violence and disrespect for human dignity. Violence among our young people has reached crisis proportion. Rape, another form of violence and aggression, is also on the rise. Most women do not imagine that they will become a rape statistic. A growing concern in America today is that more and more woman do. While many imagine rape as a crime committed by a stranger, the fact is most women are raped by someone they know. Young women away from home for the fist timeRead MoreRape And Sexual Assault On College Campuses919 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the United States Supreme Court’s U.S Code 920 – Article 120, sexual assault and rape (a form of sexual assault) are legally identified as â€Å"sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual action perpetrated against a person without that person s consent† (H.R. Title 10 - Armed Forces 466). Now, in regards to why these individuals inflict these actions are summed up within the same U.S code in that they may be carried out by â€Å"physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a personRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Rape Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesidea of rape is a sca ry thought. Rape is defined as a type of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person’s consent (Kelland, 2011). Rape is a demoralizing crime that can leave the victim with lasting negative psychological affects. This paper will discuss the different types of rape, the cause and effects with rape and the harm rape can cause to its victims. When most people hear the word â€Å"rape†, theyRead MoreHow Old Is 15?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesdo all of these things be allowed to love whom they please? Suppose you have a 15-year-old child and he or she wants to date someone older, much older, how would you feel? Most parents would feel disapproval of their child s actions. Me myself, I m not against the situation; some may say it’s because I m young. The correct term for this situation is called statutory rape; others who are against it sometimes call it child pornography. Governments do their part to end global threats to childrenRead MoreCan Evolution Ever Explain Why Men Rape? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesmen rape? Why is it considered a societal norm for men to rape women? Rape can be an act of any sexual activity that is carried out using force or threat of injury against the will of a female. It mostly occurs when the victim is underage, incapable of valid consent (i.e. drunk, drugged), or when there is a known perpetrator (i.e. family member, friend). It is unfortunate that some women get raped even when having no affiliations with the perpetrator. Despite a decrease in the reported rape casesRead MoreHigh Frequency Of Sexual Assaults On Campuses950 Words   |  4 Pagesback of a uniform vehicle. In college, there are many contributing factors to the high frequency of sexual assaults on campuses. Well of course they would not have known as they were most under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. Another factor would be their living enviro nment, and the societal norms. Drugs also lead to the occurrences of sexual assaults on college campuses. There are many drugs that people use, known as â€Å"date rape† drugs. Drugs such as Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), RohypnolRead More Rape Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pageswomen were the victim of a rape or sexual assault† (RAINN 1). And one more statistic that might get your attention is that only 37% of rapes are reported to the authorities (RAINN 2). Fortunately, there are ways to drastically reduce these numbers. For starters women need to know what constitutes rape. Second women need to know how to prevent rape before it starts, and lastly women need to know what to do if they are raped. According to the book Our Bodies Our Selves, rape is defined as â€Å"†¦any kind

Dr. Cesare Beccaria As The Father Of Deterrence Theory

Juveniles around the United States are committing crimes every day. When they commit these crimes, they may not know of the consequences that come with committing the crimes until they get caught. These young children or teenagers need to start learning the consequences of committing a crime before they grow older because if they do not learn, they will make their life miserable. The deterrence theory would be a perfect way to keep these young people out of trouble. Deterrence would play a huge role in to getting these young children or teenagers on the right path of their life. If you show them what the consequences would be or even give them real life experience they would be deterred from doing the things they have done in the past. Cesare Beccaria is known as the father of deterrence theory. He suggested that there were three characteristics of punishment that make a significant difference in whether an individual would decide to make the decision to commit a crime. The three characteristics he suggested were swiftness, certainty, and severity. Beccaria said there were two reasons why swiftness of punishment was important. One reason was because there were some offenders spending more years awaiting trial than they would spend for their sentence. He said the faster the offender gets punished for the crime that was committed, the more useful it would be. The second reason he emphasized a swift sentencing was related to deterrence. If people are awaiting their trial for a

History of Private Security Free Essays

History of Private Security Cortez Jefferies Introduction to Security: Operations and Management Gayle Fisher-Stewart University Of Maryland University College 23 October 2011 Private security industry in the United States can be traced as far back as the mid nineteenth century, where they were primarily used to help fill the gaps created by public police forces in major cities that were just forming. Over the years the role of private security has changed, from its simplest form of protecting people, property, and information to a more complex form, of individuals and businesses that provide, for a fee, services to clientele to protect their persons, their private property, or their interests from various hazards. Early in its existence training for private security was non-existent or inadequate at best, over the years training has evolved and with that evolution came strict standards and guidelines. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Private Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike in Europe, where public law enforcement emerged out of private security, in the United States private security emerged out of public law enforcement. Europeans brought many of the methods they used to protect people and property with them when they immigrated to the United States in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The positions of constable, watchman, and sheriff were borrowed from the English and were used to establish the first system of public law enforcement in the United States. As rapid growth occurred in the West throughout the early 1800s, it became clear that constables and watchmen weren’t going to be able to provide the expansive services necessary to protect people and their property (Stone, 2002). It wasn’t until the late 1700s that municipal police agencies were implemented in major American cities. Established in 1844, the New York City police department provided twenty- four-hour police protection to its citizens. Thirty years later, most large cities had a similar system of public law enforcement; yet this system was not enough to keep pace with the rapidly growing American society (Stone, 2002). One of the first private security agencies to come into existence was Pinkerton’s North West Police Agency in 1855. The agency offered private watchmen services for rail yards and industrial complexes. In 1859, Perry Brink started Brink’s Inc. as a freight and package delivery service. A few decades later, Brinks Inc. evolved into the country’s first armored car and courier service. By the early 1900s, numerous former federal agents and detectives had opened up their own private security companies to include the first burglar alarm service (Maine, 2011). Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression but rebounded between 1940 and 1945, due to the need to protect the United States infrastructure and military and industrial facilities during World War II, the use of private security increased. After World War II, private security once again began to grow, due to many returning veterans, with military police experience selecting police work and private security as occupations (Ortmeier, 2009). In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). Today, ASIS International’s membership exceeds 37,000, making it the preeminent organization for security professionals (American Society for Industrial Security [ASIS], 2011). Private security is a fast-growing industry. The Department of Labor predicts a healthy double-digit growth rate through 2016. Statistics on the number of individuals involved in this market are difficult to ascertain because of an extremely high turnover rate and because the term â€Å"security worker† admits of different interpretations. However, there are some credible approximations (Maine, 2011). The U. S. Department of Labor estimated the number of private security workers in 2007 at slightly over one million-about twice the number of police officers in the United States. Private security agencies themselves are often quite large. The largest security firm operating in the United states is Securitas, whose employees number more than 125,000 worldwide and whose revenues exceeded $7 billion in 2002. Human-Rights First estimate that there are almost 180,000 security workers in Iraq alone (Maine, 2011). The median wage for security workers in the United states is $10. 85 per hour ($22,570 per year), this might account in part for the high turnover rate. Salary seems to be proportional to risk. Blackwater security employees are alleged to have earned close to $1000 per day to guard U. S ambassador to Iraq Paul Bremer (Maine, 2011). Although training for the private security sector has come a long way over the years. Many of the personnel working as private security agents and guards are inadequately screened, trained, and supervised to ensure effective police work. Due to these reasons, there has been a big push for improvements in the quality of private security training. Private security organizations are being encouraged to pursue accreditations for the company as well as its employees. Private security organizations are being required to carry general liability insurance or that security personnel be bonded following a minimum level of training and certification, with the amount of training and size of bonding dependent on the degree of risk associated with the nature of the job (Forst, 2002) . Virginia Security officers are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an in-service with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training n conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an in-service and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted t he authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors. As the security field diversified in the 1980s and became more responsive to the needs of business, a management model quickly began to dominate how security was perceived and what its functions would be. Security practitioners and innovative business managers began to view the functions of security as an essential component of business. As a result, security departments were incorporated into the organizational culture of many companies, and security managers were hired to oversee the security department and work collaboratively with other department managers. Security managers began to be perceived as professionals in their field, and this helped to enhance the image of security personnel, giving them greater credibility with their colleagues and the public (Stone, 2002). Given this long and varied history, it is not surprising that private security continues to undergo significant changes in its form and function. Still, agreement among academicians and practitioners about what its form and function should be remains elusive. References Stone, Mischelle Taylor. (2002). Private Security. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n327 Forst, Brian. (2002). Police Privatization. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n307 Ortmeier, P. J. (2011). Introduction to Security: Operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maine, E. W. (2011, March 6). Private Security Industry. American Business Organization. Retrieved from http://maerican-business. org/ How to cite History of Private Security, Papers

Electro Magnetism Essay Example For Students

Electro Magnetism Essay Electromagnetism defined as magnetism produced by an electric current. Inother words it is the electricity part of what holds ourselves and every bit ofmatter in the universe together. This source of universal glue is foundwithin atoms themselves. As the name sounds, there are two different forceswithin electromagnetism the electric force and the magnetic force. Before theearly part of the last century, scientist studied electricity and magnetism asdifferent sciences. No one knew the connection between them. Electromagnetismwas found almost by accident, that a flow of electric current (a movement ofelectrical charge) creates a magnetic force to use the words of Jack R. White, author of The hidden World of Forces. I will first explain the magneticforce in electromagnetism. Nearly 900 years ago, the Chinese discovered thenatural permanent magnet lodestone or magnetite. After playing around withthis rock they discovered that when floating on a piece of wood it would alwayspoint itself north. From this they then created a magnetic compass. To theChinese in that time, magnetic force seemed to be magic, but in the twentiethcentury we use magnetic fields everyday. In such things as the refrigerator, thewashing machine, the dryer, and the vacuum cleaner all have electric motors. Themagnetic force can be created many different ways but the two main ones are:Ferromagnetism caused by the orientation direction of certain kinds ofatoms. Electromagnetism caused by passing an electric current through aconductor such as metal wire Both of these magnetic fields, once created, isexactly the same. Electromagnetic Radiation by definition is thetransmission of ener gy in the form of waves having both an electric and amagnetic component. It is impossible for a wave with just one or the other toexist. The most common forms of electromagnetic radiation are radio waves andlight waves. The Theory of electromagnetic fields was developed by James ClerkMaxwell of Scotland and published in 1865. His work was the first of many otherexperiments and theoretical research that many other well known scientistshave used his works with there own experiments. Maxwell presented a set ofequations that completely describe the electromagnetic field. How it is producedand charged by currents, and how it is distributed in space and time. Accompanying the electric component is a magnetic component which are bothequal. It may be shown that electromagnetic waves transport energy as well ascarry momentum. It way also be shown that any other accelerated charge, notnecessarily a sinusoidal oscillating one, loses energy in the form ofelectromagnetic waves

Esperanza The Story of a Hero Essay Example

Esperanza: The Story of a Hero Essay In his 1949 work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell writes, â€Å"The usual hero adventure begins with someone from whom something has been taken, or who feels there is something lacking in the normal experience available or permitted to the members of society.† According to Campbell, the hero â€Å"then takes off on a series of adventures beyond the ordinary, either to recover some life-giving elixir.† The hero narrative is â€Å"usually a cycle, a coming and returning.† In other words, the hero journey begins when something in the ordinary world is either missing or taken, and then the hero proceeds into a cycle that will compel him or her to evolve in order to find what he or she has been looking for. Author Maria Amparo Escandon follows this narrative structure in her novel Esperanza’s Box of Saints, which tells the story of Esperanza, a woman who initially believes that her daughter has died. Her spiritual journey begins when Saint Judas Tadeo appears to her and tells her that her daughter is alive. So begins the desperate search for her daughter, her hero’s journey, demonstrating her ability to transform herself by overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Esperanza’s story begins not as a hero, but as a widow who has just lost her only daughter. Years ago, her husband died and she was left to raise her daughter alone. Now she has learned that her daughter died unexpectedly after a routine medical procedure, and she is consumed with grief and hopelessness. It is at this moment, perhaps the worst moment in her life, that her ordinary life takes an extraordinary turn. While cooking for her daughter’s funeral, the patron saint of desperate and lost causes, Saint Judas Tadeo, appears to Esperanza and tells her that her daughter is not dead, and calls upon Esperanza to find her. This vision awakens in Esperanza a sense of purpose and mission.Her best friend, Soledad, refuses to believe her, believing instea We will write a custom essay sample on Esperanza: The Story of a Hero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Esperanza: The Story of a Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Esperanza: The Story of a Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Nazi Revolution

The Nazi Revolution Introduction Nazi rule is viewed as one of the bleak periods in the world’s history due to the many atrocities committed by the Nazi regime under the rule of Hitler. The Nazi revolution was characterized by dictatorial rule and the mass killing of millions of Jews. In addition to this, the Nazis adopted an expansionist strategy, an act which culminated in the break out of the Second World War1.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nazi Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even so, the Nazis did not start as the powerful nationwide party that ruled Germany for over a decade. The Nazis did not start out as the powerful nationwide party that ruled Germany for over a decade. Instead, the party had a humble beginning as a Right Wing party with low membership. As a result of the contributions made by the members of the party most notably of whom is Hitler and the socio-economic realities of the time, the party was able to grow in size and power. This paper will provide a historical review of the Nazi Party and how it grew in power. Particular emphasis will be laid on the role that violence played in the Nazi revolution and how violence was used as a tool to control the nation once the Nazis gained power. The paper will also discuss the ways in which the climate in Germany changed once the Nazis controlled the country. How the Nazis Rose to Power The Nazi party can trace its birth to the end of the First World War which saw Germany incur military defeat in the hands of the Allied forces. A consequence of this defeat was the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty blamed Germany for the war and as such, the country was required to pay huge reparations for damages incurred by the Allied forces in the war2. Other terms of the treaty included a limit of the German Army to 100,000 men and the occupation of Germans Rhineland by the French. Many Germans were disillusioned by th e defeat in war and the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles which not only resulted in economic burdens for Germans but also diminished Germany’s prestige. Many Germans therefore joined Right Wing groups like the Nazi party which promised to bring back the country’s prestige and ignore the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Nazi party was formed as the German Workers Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler in 19193. This party held Right Wing views such as: opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitic sentiments, and a belief in the superiority of the Aryan race. Hitler joined the party in the same year and was one of its initial members. In the 1920s, Hitler was the chief propagandist for the party and he took on a more prominent role4. On behalf of the DAP, Hitler organized and spoke at many public rallies therefore popularizing the party. The German Workers Party (DAP) was renamed as The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in 19205. The NSDAP is what is commonly known as the Nazi Party. In 1921, Hitler was made Chairman of the NSDAP mostly as a result of his brilliant oratory skills and leadership abilities6. The Nazi party also established a military wing which was known as SA (storm troopers). This wing of the party was responsible for violent attacks and armed confrontations. With members of the SA, Hitler began making plots to overthrow the Weimar Republic (German Government) which many held responsible for all the problems that Germany faced. The year 1923 was significant in Nazi development since it was in this year that Hitler attempted to overthrow the government. With a group of the SA (most of whom were ex-soldiers), Hitler marched through the streets of Munich in an attempt to seize control of Munich and thereafter march on to Berlin7. Hitler hoped to spark a revolution and seize rule of the Weimer Republic. The coup began by a rally held at a beer hall where Hitler proclaimed a revolution and as such, the attempted coup is commonly referred to as the Beer Hall Putsch8. This attempted coup was a huge failure since it had not been properly planned and rather relied on the small support base of the Nazis. The police were able to stop the 2000 men strong march and arrest Hitler and some of the Nazi Party member who were later charged with treason. Hitler received a 5 year prison sentence but only served for 8 months and was released9. The failed coup also led to the banning of the Nazi Party although the party continued to operate under a different name, â€Å"German Party. In 1925, the ban that had been imposed on the Nazis was lifted and the party could once again engage in public rallies as it had done before the coup. Hitler rebuilt the Nazi party which had been on the verge of disintegrating in his absence and re-established himself as the ultim ate leader of the party10.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nazi Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the 1928 elections, the Nazi Party succeeded in wining 12 seats. While this was a modest achievement, it was the first show by the Nazi party of being a major player in German politics. Orlow records that the middle and upper middle class Germans were sincerely convinced that a communist take over of Germany was imminent and only the Nazis could save Germany from a Marxist revolution11. This conviction influenced the voting behavior of this class of Germans who voted against the Hindenburg Conservatives in the 1928 elections. The Great depression of 1929 proved to be a blessing for the Nazis and it raised the party’s popularity to new heights12. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 had a profound impact on Germany since it resulted in the US calling in its loans to Germany. This led to the coll apse of the German economy and a phenomenal rise in unemployment rates throughout Germany. The crippling effects of the Great Depression helped Hitler to win over many of the Germans who had been adversely affected by the economic crisis13. The Nazis also began to win over big industrialists, nationalists conservatives and with the backing of the press tycoon, Alfred Hugenberg, Hitler received nationwide exposure. Hitler played on national resentments and presented himself as Germanys redeemer. The people of Germany were desperate for a solution and the Nazis through Hitler offered a solution as well as someone to blame for the economic crises14. Bruning, who was the German Chancellor in the years immediately following the Great Depression, played a role in the success of the Nazis. He deliberately pursued policies that led to a worsening of the impact of the Depression. With these actions, he hoped to restructure the Weimar Constitution to his liking and increase his decision makin g powers in the government. This move by Bruning had the effect of driving the middle and upper middle class groups into the Nazi party15.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the 1930 elections, the Nazis acquired 6.4 million votes which was an 18.3% of the total vote. They also received 107 seats in the Reichstag, a monumental increase from the 12 seats won in the 1928 elections16. Leitz asserts that it was the ability of the Nazi party to secure mass support drawn from all social groupings in the later 1920s and early 1930s both in membership and electoral terms that gave the party its strength17. Following the huge electoral success, the Nazi party began to receive huge financial contributions from great industrial magnates who viewed Hitler as a potent political leader. In 1932, Hitler announced his intention to run for presidency and in the run-off elections of 10 April 1931, he received 13.4milion votes18. Even so, Hitler still trailed the winning candidate, Hindenburg by 6million votes. The Nazi party performed well in the Reichstag elections of July 1932, receiving about 37% of the votes which made it a majority in German parliament19. Even so , the Nazis did not have the outright majority that was needed to make the government. Hindenburg who was president of Germany sought to recruit Hitler so as to gain enough support in the Reichstag. Therefore, on the 30th of January 1933, Hitler, whose party had a majority in the parliament, was made Chancellor of the Weimar Republic20. On the night of February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building were the German Parliament assembled caught fire21. Hitler declared that the fire was set by Communists and declared a state of emergency in Germany. The Reichstag Fire Decree was also signed by President Hindenburg. This decree effectively suspended the basic rights and provisions afforded to the German citizens under the Weimar constitution. Even though Hitler was made Chancellor in 1933, President Hindenburg still remained in charge of the German Government and Hitler was only head of the coalition government22. Hitler therefore sought to become the sole supreme leader of Germany by turning the German government into a dictatorship through the legal powers of the Weimar Republic constitution. In July 1933, a law was passed that outlawed the formation of political parties23. This action had the effect of making Hitlers Nazi Party the only legitimate political party in all of Germany. Hitler managed to acquire absolute power in 2nd August 1934, when he consolidated the office of the president and that of the chancellor in the person of the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler24. This was in essence a complete seizer of power by Hitler and the Nazis. Following this event, Hitler and his Nazi leaders implemented a series of radical policies that turned Germany from a democracy into an absolute dictatorship. Hitler: Leader and Authoritarian Ruler Adolf Hitler was without a doubt the single most influential figure of the Nazis and their rise to power is hugely credited to him. Wistrich regards Hitler as founder and leader of the Nazi Party, Reich Chancellor and guiding spirit of the Third Reich from 1933 to 194525. Hitler embodied the ideal of the charismatic Fuhrer which greatly appealed to all classes of people. Hitler’s appeal as a charismatic leader was so great that the movement that we presently refer to as Nazi was in Hitlers reign known as the Hitler movement26. The failed coup attempt of 1923 was a significant stage in the political life of Hitler. Wistrich demonstrates that the failure of the Beer-Hall putsch and the subsequent imprisonment transformed Hitler from an incompetent adventurer into a shrewd political tactician27. From the failure of the coup, Hitler learnt that the only way he could seize over was through the electoral process and the constitution. He therefore set out to win over the heart and minds of Germans though his oratory skills and propaganda. Once Hitler became chancellor, the military wing of the NAZI, the SA, was looking forward to unrestricted actions against political enemies and rewards and benefits for their loyalty. Hitler was unwilling to succumb to the demands of the SA since he now viewed the SA as an obsolete wing of the Nazi party28. To cement his rule, Hitler ordered the murder of SA leaders in what is now known as the Night of the Long Knives29. Their death greatly diminished the power and influence of the SA and henceforth, it became a shadowy organization with little strength. The demise of the SA was because of its being perceived as a threat to Hitlers hegemony over the Nazis. By the use of propaganda, the Fuhrer myth which dissociated Hitler from the party and the government was created.30. Hitler was viewed as a heroic figure defending popular justice and extirpating corruption and immorality in high place and intervening to restore order in all of Germany. Noakes credits this Fuhrer myth with the success of the Nazis since it acted as a source of legitimating for the regime31. Behind this heroic figure, Hitler was actually the architect of the great violence which was associated with the Nazi. Through Heinrich Himmler who he hand picked to restructure the SS, Hitler ordered the arrest and imprisonment of thousands of Jews. Under Hitler’s order, Himmler established the infamous concentration camps where millions of Jews were killed in the holocaust32. Hitler intended to use terror to build the ideal racially pure nation. Between 1941 and 1942, Hitler demanded that the prisoners held at the concentration camps be used for labor to help rebuild German cities as well as aid in the war effort33. These economic ambitions saw the prisoners being used as free forced labor. Role of Violence in the Nazi Revolution From the early years following the formation of the Nazi Party, violence and intimidation were an integral part of the party. The SA (storm troopers) was the major tool used to perpetuate violence. The group which had developed military titles for its members was an important part of the Nazis organization and members of the division c onstantly carried out acts of violence against Jews34. The SA was very effective in carrying out acts of violence against anyone who opposed Hitler in public. Leitz recognizes that SA intimidation tactics contributed to the rise of the Nazis35. Terror became an indispensable tool for the full conquest of the country once Hitler had been appointed Chancellor. Even though the Nazi had gained power through the electoral system, most Germans had not backed Hitler in the last free elections in November 193236. Prior to Hitlers accession to power, the Nazi had faced strong opposition from the Social Democrats and the Communists whose paramilitary activists had waged street battlers against their Nazi rivals (especially the SA). The Nazis conceded that there could be no absolute victory without the destruction of the organized working class who were the core members and supporters of the Social Democrats and the Communists37. The establishment of Hitlers dictatorship was therefore accompan ied by intense political violence. By December 1933, hundreds of thousands of opponents had been abused and placed under temporal detainment38. Thousands more had been killed as the Nazi tried to attain absolute power in Germany. The Nazis made use of both legal and illegal means to perpetrate their violence. Thousands of opposition group members were arrested by the police and charged as law-breakers. These people were put through courts and then jails and prisons which were run by the legal authorities39. At the same time, mass detention was undertaken without any legal process. Many opponents were abducted by SA and SS members and taken to protective custody40. To lock up the huge number of political prisoners, the authorities made use of the existing places of confinement such as jails and regular prisons. Historians record that the state authorities collaborated with SA and SS camps to further extra-legal detention. The SS were given authority to run the camps which later came to be established as the infamous Nazi concentration camps. A major occurrence with the advent of violence was the establishment of Camps which were to act as new places of detention to cater for the rising numbers of political prisoners who were being rounded up by the Nazi. The aim of the prison camps was to crush Hitlers political opponents who were mostly Communists41. The existence of the camps was well known to the German citizenry since most of the early camps were established in the middle of towns and cities and the guards were unable to hide the abuses that took place inside. Wachsmann notes that while the SA made use of torture cellars and the ill treatment of prisoners, murder was seldom carried out since the aim of these early imprisonments was more about intimidation than killing42. These camps were a political weapon and they played a vital role in the Nazi assault on the opposition. Historians note that without the camps, the new regime would not have established its elf as quickly as it did43. Social discipline was seen as necessary for the formation of the master race and the regime was keen to wipe out deviance. Professional and habitual criminals were threatened with preventive police detention. The structure of the camps changed significantly when the SS leader Heinrich Himmler took over the running of the camps from civil servants. SS men now run the camps. Himmler created the SS concentration camp system which was both effective and brutal. The camps were manned by hardened young SS men who styled themselves as the elite of political soldiers44. The concentration camps were characterized by terror and systematic torture of prisoners. The prisoners were also held for longer than they had been held in the early years. Without a doubt, the Jews were the major recipients of the violence perpetrated by the Nazi regime. These violence and agitation against Jews was mostly motivated by the desire to remove the Jews from German life45. Starting f rom 1933, a number of German Jews had been taken to camps as political opponents. However, this number was fairly modest. The number of Jewish prisoners rose dramatically following the announcement by the Nazi in 9th November, 1938 of a nationwide program against the Jewish Population46. Following the declaration of this program, Party activists took part in the destruction of thousand of Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues. Hundreds of Jewish people were killed and the mass arrest of thousands took place. Climate of Germany during Nazi Control A major change during Nazi rule was the adoption of authoritarian rule and removing of individual rights and freedoms. The freedom of speech and expression that the Germans had grown accustomed to all but disappeared during the rule of the Nazis. To begin with, Hitler outlawed all other political parties making Germany a single party state with himself as the ruler47. Criticism of Hitler or/and the Nazis state was banned and those who dar ed to opposed were interrogated, tortured and if found guilty either imprisoned or executed. The Gestapo allegedly kept files on everyone in the country and updates to the reports were made through information obtained from ordinary Germans who acted as informants for the Nazis regime48. The Nazis also prepared the German people for a war which they felt was imminent. Hitler emphasized that a main role of the party was to prepare the German people psychologically for war. This was done through indoctrination with Nazi ideology and in particular with the partys racist and social-Darwinist imperatives49. Priority was to be given to national interests and goals as defined by Hitler over the concerns of the individual citizen. Germany undertook major rearmament activity and the size of the standing army rose to many times that of the number allowed by the Treaty of Versailles. The years following 1933 experienced an intense growth of governmental regulation of markets. This restricted t he economic freedom of private owners as the rights inherent to private property were destroyed50. This loss of individual freedoms was in line with the Nazis philosophy of placing the interest of the nation above the individual rights of the citizens. Hitler himself asserted that while everyone could keep that they had earned, the good of the community took priority over the individual and the state should retain control; every owner should feel himself to be an agent of the State51. The Nazi regime therefore retained the right to control all property in Germany. Even so, the Nazis promoted the ownership and accumulation of private fortunes by party members and collaborators. In so doing, the Nazi regime increased its control over the economy. Nazi rule is mostly associated with the atrocities that were carried out against the German-Jewish population. Hitler presented the Jew as the symbol and cause of all chaos, corruption and destruction in culture, politics and the economy. As such, the Nazis set out to annihilate the entire Jewish population in Germany and Austria52. Between 1941 and 1942, the systematic extermination of European Jewry was official German state policy53. The SS was the branch that executed this Holocaust which is seen as the dark legacy of Nazi Germany to date. Conclusion Violence is the legacy that the Nazi are remembered for to this day. This paper set out to document how the Nazis rose to power during the 1920s and how violence played a major role in their coming to power. The paper began by tracing the birth of the Party following Germany’s defeat in World War I. It has been articulated that the Nazi movement would not have existed and risen to power as it did without Hitler who was the partys outstanding leader. This paper has highlighted the various events that led to the Nazis turning from a small party with fewer than 1000 members in 1921 to the national power with millions of members by the 1930s. This paper has highlight ed the fact that the Nazis used various forms of terror tactics to gain control of Germans and hence ensure absolute rule. The role that various groups such as the SA and the SS played in perpetrating this violence has been underscored. From this paper, it is clear that it was the massive campaign of political terror that helped the Nazi to cling on to power. While the Nazis gained power due to their promise to solve all of Germanys problems and restore Germanys glory, they failed to deliver on their promise and rather resulted to intimidation and violence to rule from 1933 until their defeat in 1945. Bibliography Bel, Germa. â€Å"Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany†. Economic History Review, 63, 1 (2010), pp. 34–55 Caplan, Jane. â€Å"Nazi Germany†. Oxford University Press, 2008. Collier, Martin. Hitler and the Nazi state. Heinemann, 2005. Leitz, Christian. â€Å"The Third Reich: the Essential readings†. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. Le vin, Itamar. â€Å"His majestys enemies: Great Britains war against Holocaust victims and survivors†. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. Noakes, Jeremy. â€Å"Government, party, and people in Nazi Germany†. University of Exeter Press, 1980. Orlow, Dietrich. â€Å"The Historiography of the Decline of Bruning and the Rise of the Nazis: Comment and Review Article†. Hamburger Beitrage zur Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte, vol. 16. pp.748, 1982. Scheck, Raffael. â€Å"Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History†. Berg Publishers, 2008. Sheridan, William. â€Å"Nazi Seizure of Power (Social Studies: History of the World)†. Franklin Watts, 1984. Wistrich, Robert. â€Å"Whos who in Nazi Germany†. Routledge, 2002. Wachsmann, Nikolaus. â€Å"Concentration camps in Nazi Germany: the new histories†. Taylor Francis, 2009. Footnotes 1 Jeremy Noakes, â€Å"Government, party, and people in Nazi Germany†, (University of Exeter Press, 1980), 21. 2 William S heridan, Nazi Seizure of Power. (Franklin Watts, 1984), 35. 3 William, 53. 4 Ibid, 53. 5 Jeremy, 23. 6 Ibid, 30. 7 William, 57. 8 Raffael Scheck, Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History, (Berg Publishers, 2008), 143. 9 Ibid, 58. 10 Ibid, 60 11 Dietrich Orlow, â€Å"The Historiography of the Decline of Bruning and the Rise of the Nazis: Comment and Review Article†. (Hamburger Beitrage zur Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte, vol. 16, 1982), 67. 12 Jane, 28. 13 Raffael, 160. 14 Ibid, 33. 15 Dietrich, 71 16 Jeremy, 34. 17 Christian Leitz, â€Å"The Third Reich: the Essential readings†, (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999), 23. 18 Raffael, 165. 19 Christian, 23. 20 Jane, 48. 21 Raffael, 164. 22 Christian, 43. 23 Ibid, 44. 24 Raffael, 165. 25 Robert Wistrich, â€Å"Whos who in Nazi Germany†, (Routledge, 2002), 116. 26 Robert, 117 27 Ibid, 116. 28 Martin Collier, Hitler and the Nazi state, (Heinemann, 2005), 95. 29 Raffael, 165 30 Jeremy, 57. 31 Ibid, 59. 32 Martin, 96. 33 Nikolaus Wachsmann , Concentration camps in Nazi Germany: the new histories, (Taylor Francis, 2009), 30. 34 Jeremy, 18. 35 Christian, 84. 36 Nikolaus, 18. 37 Ibid, 18. 38 Martin, 99. 39 Jeremy, 34. 40 Ibid, 33. 41 Raffael, 170. 42 Nikolaus, 19. 43 Ibid, 20. 44 Nikolaus, 23. 45 Martin, 96. 46 Nikolaus, 25. 47 Jane, 53. 48 Jeremy, 32. 49 Ibid, 17. 50 Germa, 44. 51 Ibid, 48. 52 William, 53. 53 Nikolaus, 32.

Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internship Report - Essay Example Its vision also incorporates operations in a uniform and motivating atmosphere. Its mission identifies facilitating potentials among â€Å"trade and industry sector’s capacities† and sustaining other stakeholders’ interests through effective policymaking and development of strategies to empower resource utilization towards expansion of the nation’s economy (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1). Objectives of the organization The organization has not outlined its explicit objectives, but its scope, vision, and mission statements as well as its core values imply a number of objectives. The mission statement identifies the organization’s goal of playing a leadership role in the nation’s trade and industries. Its mission statement is more diverse and communicates a number of objectives such as to promote abilities of trade and industry in the nation and to develop and enforce policies that are suitable for economic growth. The ministry’s c ore values, however, imply objectives such as to ensure honesty in the ministry’s undertakings, to ensure transparency in its dealings, and to promote creativity and mastery (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1). Organizational structure The ministry is organized into geographical branches that undertake its roles and responsibilities across different regions of the nation. The branches, however, operate under consultations and directives from the ministry’s head office (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1) Reward system Salary, allowances, and benefits Reward is an important concept in organization and influences productivity. The ministry factors in psychological effects of rewards and bases salaries, remuneration and allowances on the value for people, recognition for the efforts and achievements that the people attain in the ministry and the need for employees’ active participation in the ministry’s activities with the aim of fostering and improving i ts working environment. In order to ensure this perspective, the ministry has developed an attitude under the banner, ‘compensation, performance management, communication, and career advancement.’ The ministry’s value for its human resource is evident in its rewards rates that are comparably better than at other government agencies. Offered salaries in the ministry are also based on well-defined employees’ grades with specified salary ranges. Further, the ministry recognizes its employees’ performances through a rewards system that is based on an employee’s level of success and the employee’s grade. Grading The ministry has permanent and casual employees. It has a formal structure that grades permanent employees by their academic qualifications and their work experience. Salaries scale Employees’ job grades determine their salaries and other rewards. The salaries are further reviewed, annually, to ensure consistency with the mar ket demands and salaries that are offered by other agencies. Every department in the ministry, and with consultations from other departmental heads, undertakes the review. These reviews do not immediately affect each employee’s salary but offer a basis to determining possible changes. New recruits are, however, subjected to the running and approved payment scales though departmental heads, and human resource department can hire an employee at a higher rate than the employee’s scale. Another feature of the ministry salaries is an annual review that

Analyzing ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing ads - Essay Example The management has however, created counter strategies in their advertisement techniques in order to capture new customers and maintain its old customers in the market. Fowles’ appeal plays a major role in production of these Ads. The Management factor in his 15 appeals to reach out to market efficiently. Jib Flowless is a scholar who suggests that advertising revolve around 15 different appeals (Fowles 8). These include need for sex, affiliation guidance, and nurture, aggressiveness, to achieve and dominate. The rest of the appeals includes the appeals for the need for prominence, attention, autonomy, escape; feel safe, aesthetic, satisfy curiosity and the psychological needs. The Ads focus on flashy faces of the models with white healthy teeth posing with Colgate toothpaste. This is in order to create appeals to potential customers to be interested enough to buy the product. The other focus is the flashy look of the Colgate plastic pack. This is contrary to its competitor wh o uses animals known to have strong teeth like the beaver to advertise their products. Ads analysis The Ad in picture one uses a beautiful woman smiling to help market Colgate. The beautiful woman appeals to the emotion of the potential clients in order to capture their attention to look at the Colgate picture. Her brighten smile appeal for the need of affiliation to the beautiful smile. The smile invokes a memorable picture in the mind of the customer just as the marketing department at Colgate aimed to achieve. The Colgate toothpaste appears on the part of the picture to capture the attention of the reader. The conspicuous size of the toothpaste is to ensure that the name of the product hits the subconscious mind of the consumer. The background in the picture is red with large word in white that say Colgate fights germs. This message is to appeal to the need that ensures the customer feels safe. This emphasis is by the choice of the words and their size triggers conversation among the people looking at the advertisement. The main reason for advertisers to choose the above appeal; was to capture the attention of the potential customers (Biagi 156). The appeals reveal the audience of the Ad was parents and young people in the society. The appeal for the need to feel safe was targeting parents who take extra precautions to ensure that their children are safe from germs. The beautiful smile by the woman in the Ad depicts the audience of the Ad to be young people who like to look stylish and modern. In conclusion, Ad was targeting the elite group in the market. The Ad in picture 2 seeks to market a new brand of Colgate toothpaste. This is evident by the large letters in the name Colgate maxfresh. The name maxifresh appeal to need to achieve freshness in the mouth. These words are special and meant to send a message that the product offers maximum freshness in the mouth. The words â€Å"Unleash a rush of freshness† work to create an emotional appeal to rela te to the product to experience the feeling of freshness. Flashy blue container of Colgate creates interest in the mind of the individuals viewing the Ad to have an interest in the product. The advertisers specifically choose these appeals to ensure that they capture the attention of a larger market pull. The large letters of the product name seek to market the toothpaste among already consumers of other toothpastes products. The Advertisers ensure that the words â€Å"Britam stripes†

Enzymatic Route for the Production of Biofuels

Enzymatic Route for the Production of Biofuels CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Many compounds are currently produced through reactions that use chemical catalysts or expensive experimental conditions. However, this practice is aggressive to the environment, generating effluents with high cost of treatment, and consuming too energy. Enzymatic catalysis appears thus to reduce the energy demand contributing to a reduction in by-product formation. However, the acquisition cost of enzymes is still high, making difficult the access of biocatalyst to industries. An alternative to this financial barrier is immobilize the enzyme (ZHENG et al., 2012). Constant efforts are being made to improve the enzyme’s activity, efficiency, reproducibility and stability during industrial processes (Wang et al. , 2010). Enzyme immobilisation is confinement of enzyme to a phase (matrix/support) different from the one for substrates and products. Inert polymers and inorganic materials are usually used as carrier matrices. Apart from being affordable, an ideal matrix must encompass characteritcs like inertness, physical strength, stability, regenerability, ability to increase enzyme specificity/ activity and reduce product inhibition, nonspecific adsorption and microbial contamination (Singh, 2009). Immobilization generates continous economic operations, automation, high investment/capacity ratio and recovery of product with greater purity (D’Souza, 1998). There are several factors affecting the immobilization processes such as adsorption, covalence bound, entrapment and cross- linking. During the initial years of the development in the field of immobilized enzymology, researchers used to find only the advantage of the immobilized enzymes in comparison to their soluble / free counterparts. Advantages of immobilized versus soluble enzymes included comparative studies in pH profile, various denaturing agents organic solvents, and temperature. Now recently during the last couple of decades, immobilized enzyme technology has advanced into and ever- expanding and multidisciplinary fields to analyze clinical, industrial and environmental samples. Examples of the recent developments and used of immobilized enzymes in different fields such as in medicine, antibiotic production,drug metabolism,food industry, biodiesel production and bioremediation. 1.2 Problem Statement The use of enzymatic route for production of biofuels is growing up due the mild reaction conditions. In fact of that, we must find a way to reduce the cost to ensure the experimental that are highly cost can be carried out and despite of that, immobilize enzyme is the best way that can be used. In addition, it also can be use multiple or repetitive in a single batch of enzyme. It become more economics as it also has the ability to stop the reaction rapidly by removing the enzyme from the reaction solution. By finding this solution, so that there are no problem arise to continuously used it as a biocatalyst. 1.3 Objectives To provide an alternative way to reduce the experimental cost by using immobilized enzyme To study the differences on the enzyme activity when using pH and mass media To develop the easiest method that can be use by the others as it does not need a professional qualitification. CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Enzyme First and foremost, enzymes are the active components in the cells, where they induce chemical transformations. Besides, enzymes are large, complex macromolecules, consisting largely of protein and usually contain a prosthetic group (one or more metal atoms). It also acts as biocatalyst that catalyzes all chemical conversions needed for the system’s survival and reproduction (Buchholz et al., 2005; Idris et al., 2008). Besides, enzyme also act as catalyst to boost up the rate of chemical reaction by factor up to more than and result to the reduction of activation energy compared to uncatalyzed reaction (Buchholz et al., 2005) as shown in figure 3.1. On top of that, enzymes have unique characteristics for instance high activity, selectivity, and specificity which permit their performance in their complex process. Figure 2.1: Free energy diagram for an uncatalyzed and enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Buchholz et al. , 2005) Enzymes are specific to the types of reactions that they catalyze. In addition, they are more stable and easier to handle than the original microorganisms from which they were isolated. On top of that, enzymes play an important role in biochemical analysis and it is widely used in many industrial processes especially in food production and many more. On the other hand, properties of most enzymes are dependent on pH of their environment. Dependence of catalytic activity on the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution is given by protonable groups. These groups are the parts of active site of enzymes and also are present in substrate molecules. Thus, the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate is dependent on the degree of protonation. That is the reason why majority of enzymes are catalytically active in specific interval of pH values. If the pH value is higher or lower than pH optimum of certain enzyme, catalytic activity of enzyme decreases. pH optimum is value of pH at which the activity of an enzyme reaches the maximum. Changing of pH values of reaction medium is one way how to regulate the activity of enzyme (Vodrazka et al. , 2001). Even though enzymes give benefits in many application, there are some restrictions should be stated. Enzymes are excellent reactions catalysts but without any improvement thus in pure state, they are not very suitable for use in reactors in industrial scale. On the other hand, enzymes may be instable due to spontaneous oxidation, self digestion, or denaturation and they work properly only on natural substrates and under physiological conditions. In addition, they are soluble in water and also in organic solvents and can be strongly inhibited by excess amount of substrates, product formed during enzyme-catalyzed reaction and however by certain by-products of the reaction. 2.2 Immobilized Enzyme Enzyme immobilization can be described as the attachment of free or soluble enzymes to different types of support. This process turns the soluble enzyme into insoluble form by interaction with specific type of support. As a result, the mobility of the enzyme is reduced or lost (Khan et al . , 2010). Immobilized means enzyme has been confined or localized so that it can be reused continuously (Ramachandra et al . , 2002). Immobilized enzyme are currently the subject of considerable interest because of their advantages over soluble enzymes or alternative technologies, and the steadily increasing number of application for immobilized enzymes (Tisher et al. , 1999). Numerous methods for achieving the immobilization of lipases are available, each involves a different degree of complexity and efficiency. There are various methods used to date are adsorption, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, cross linking, entrapment, and encapsulation (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). 2.3 Support Chen et al (2011) studied the effect of hydrophobicity of membranes used as support for the immobilization of lipase by covalent bond in the activity and stability of the enzyme, and obtained better results when used more hydrophobic membrane. Studies claim that the region surrounding the active site of lipases is hydrophobic, and because of that, they recognize hydrophobic surfaces as similar to their natural substrate and undergo interfacial activation (FERNANDEZ- LAFUENTE et al. , 1998). Zhou (2012) showed that, in general, substrates with high specificity had greater surface area for adsorption capacity, while the more hydrophobic again, the best results are attributed to the improved interfacial activity of the lipase. It is possible to predict, taking into account the objectives in view, the selected substrate should have high surface area, be thermally stable, chemically durable, resistant to contamination and reasonable cost (KANDASAMY et al. , 2010). Because of all these cha racteristics was chosen support material, the MCM41, whose family is characterized by having a hexagonal arrangement of uniform pores and well- defined size, with linear channels constructed with a silica matrix (KRESGE et al. , 1992). 2.4 Methods of Immobilization Many review and books on the immobilization of enzyme have been published during the last two decades (Bahulekar et al. , 1993 Kennedy Cabral, 1983). In the course of the last decades, numerous methods of immobilization a variety of different materials have been developed. However, different types of immobilization may have different effects on the enzyme activity or stability, is not always predictable at forehand (Arroyo et al. , 1999; Cao, 2011). Therefore, advantages and disadvantage have been described in Table 3.1 below. On the other hand, it is known that any type of immobilization method has the potential to stabilize the enzyme relative to their native form (Cao, 2011).Basically, there are four ways to immobilize enzyme onto surfaces as explain below : Adsorption This method immobilization is the connection between enzyme and support without any chemical modification. Besides, this is the most used method for immobilization due to some advantages such as low cost, no chemical additives required and high activity (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Covalence This method of immobilization is based on covalent bound between enzyme and carrier. During the catalyst action, the interaction between enzyme and support is very strong which makes the enzymes very stable. Instead having an advantage, covalent binding also has some disadvantage as well like the reaction conditions are complicated, there is a high risk of loose of enzyme activity during the process, and some coupling reagents are toxic (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Entrapment This method of immobilization is process of capture of the enzyme into the inner hollows of some specific matrix or into microencapsules of polymer. Thus, an enzyme inside of the matrix is not attached to the polymer and its free diffusion is only restrained (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Cross Linking This method of immobilization is the interaction between enzyme, coupling reagent, and carrier will form the three dimensional network structures. This method lead to strong interaction between the protein and the carrier, but activity of the immobilized enzyme is low. That is the reason why cross linking is often combined with adsorption to achieve higher immobilization efficiency (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Table 2.1 :The advantages and disadvantages of immobilization method 2.5 Advantages of Immobilized Lipase Although lipases presently account for no more than 3% of all enzymes produced worldwide, the use of immobilized lipases for the modification of melted fats and oils is currently a subject of expanding interest (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). This interest is due in part to the fact that the use of lipases has the potential to be more cost effective when enzyme are employed in immobilized rather than in free form (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). Besides, there are several reasons to use immobilized enzymes such as easy separation of enzyme from the product and reuse of the enzyme. Easy separation of the enzyme from the product simplifies enzyme applications and permits reliable and efficient reaction technology. Enzyme reuse provides a number of cost advantages (Tisher Kasche, 1999). Furthermore, the use of immobilized lipases leads to a decrease in potential for contamination of the product via residual lipases, thus avoiding the need for downstream thermal treatment (Ramachandra et al. , 2002). The immobilization of enzyme is a useful tool to meet cost targets and has a number of technological advantages (Tisher Kasche, 1999). Immobilization also permits multiple uses of the lipases and often enhances its thermal and chemical stability, thus leading to predictable decay rates. It also enhance oppurtunities for better control of both the process and product quality. In fact the increment costs of using an immobilized biocatalyst in a continuos process are more than 20 times lower than with a traditional one (Ramachandra et al. , 2002). Owing to the world wide variety of properties of individual enzyme species and the varying requirements of reaction technology for the target compounds, it is necessary to exploit the wealth of methods and techniques of immobilization (Tisher Kasche, 1999). The main disadvantage of immobilization can be loss of activity due to immobilization, limitation in substrate’s diffusion, possible leakage of the biocatalyst from the support (Ramachandra et al . , 2002). 2.6 Classification of Enzyme Enzyme can be classified into six categories according to the reaction catalyzed. Every enzyme is defined by a unique set of 4 numbers. The first number denotes the reaction they catalyze, the second number indicates chemical structure that are changed in the process, the third shows the properties of the enzyme involved in the catalytic reaction and the forth implies the running number (Buchholz et al. , 2005). Table 3.2 shows the six group of enzyme and the type of reaction catalyzed (Knez et al. , 2001). Table 2.2: Classification of enzyme and the reaction catalyzed (Knez et al. , 2001) 2.7 Lipase from Candida Rugosa Lipase from Candida rugosa sp. is one of the most attractive commercially available lipases for complete hydrolysis of triacylglycerols because it has ability to liberate all types of acyl chains, despite of their positions in the triacylglycerols (Virto et al. , 1994). Candida rugosa sp. is one of the most extensively studied microorganisms by biotechnologists due to its powerful lipase ( E.C. 3.1.1.3) production capacity. In addition, Candida rugosa sp. lipase has extensive substrate specificity which provides successfully used in a variety of hydrolysis and esterification reactions. Furthermore, it is possible used in synthesis of several pharmaceuticals (Benjamin Pandey, 1998) due to its high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. The yeast of Candida rugosa sp. secreted several extracellular lipases and they differ in terms of molecular weight, carbohydrate content, isolectric point specificity (Pernas et al. , 2000). Besides, it is commonly used for several streoselective esterification reactions in organic medium under mild reaction conditions (Abdul Rahman et al. , 2005). CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and Equiment Table 3.1: List of chemicals and equipment Experimental design 3.2.1 Preparation of Buffer solution In conducting this experiment, at pH 7.0 and 8.0, three buffer solutions of 50 mM of Potassium phosphate at pH 6.0 are made. Preparation to remove organic part on support 1 g of MCM 41 support are mixed with 10 mL of 10% HNO3 v/v and are strirring for 30 minutes. The solution are filtrate and the successive washes of water and buffer solution are removed. 3.2.3 Dilution for the p-NP (p- nitrophenol) 0.0014g of the reagent are weighed and are dissolve in a buffer to complete 100mL in volumetric flask. Dilutions of p-NP are made in the same buffer and are analyze on a spectrophotometer with absorbance 410nm using blank reaction buffer solution. Determination of enzymatic activity The substrate are using lipase and p-NFL (p-nitrophenillaurate). 0.018 g of the substrate are dissolve in 1 mL of DMSO and buffer are add until 100 mL flask are complete. For preparing the lipase solution, 0.1 g of the enzyme solution are dissolve in a 100mL of the buffer solution and subsequently performing various dilutions. Lipase solution with substrate are place in 2mL of cuvette at 40s for contact time. The pH variation is due to buffer at pH 6, 7 and 8. Immobilization process A beaker containing 20mL of p-NPL is place on magnetic stirrer is use for immobilization. To know the influence of the mass of support for immobilization, different mass of MCM 41 are add. The samples is collect and is being analyze by spectrophotometer at interval 10 minutes. CHAPTER 4 : EXPECTED RESULTS The expected results for this study are: The increasing of the enzyme activity as the concentration of p- NF concentration is add and at what concentration it direct to to the enzymatic activity. By using the enzyme concentration ( lipase enzyme), the curve of enzymatic activity is expect to fall. The time for adsorption between the enzyme and support at pH 7 is just short if smaller mass support is use. The pH 7 is most convenient than pH 8 for the adsorption of the mass support of MCM 41. CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION The use of enzymatic route for the production of biofuels can be overcome by using the immobilization of enzyme. The influence of pH and mass media used will effect enzyme activity. The experiments that carry out at pH 6 will show a fall absorbance with the increasing of the enzyme concentration. This experiments also show that the lipase is best at pH 7 and pH 8 where the results are better at pH 7.0. As the optimal immobilization at a very short time where it shows high affinity of the enzyme for support.The mass support also shows best in a very small amount of adsorbed enzyme. This also shows that the cost benefits with the use of support, which will be smaller.

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Genocides of the World: Armenia â€Å"Armed roundups began on the evening of April 24, 1915, as 300 Armenian political leaders, educators, writers, clergy and dignitaries in Constantinople (present day Istanbul) were taken from their homes, briefly jailed and tortured, then hanged or shot (United Human Rights Council).† That was the ending of some of the thousands upon thousands of lives lost during the Armenian genocide. Some say this genocide never was an actual genocide, but when that many people die I don’t know how it can’t be considered one. Some of the deaths where slow and dragged on until the victim’s body could no longer take it, while others where quick and easy. This is the Armenian Genocide. We decide our future, and we must not let anger get the best of us. The Ottoman Empire was angered by the Armenians, and now is responsible for the horrible attacks and murders towards the Armenian people. Now, all they can do is pretend it didn’t happen. At its peak, The Ottoman Empire consisted of most of Southeast Europe, North Africa, and almost all of the Middle East (United Human Ri...

Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionHarmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, 14 States and one Union Territory of India had experienced at least one catastrophe during the twelvemonth 2011. The harm occurred in footings of figure of human lives lost was 1432 and figure of cowss perished was 6266. In entire 6,84,901 houses were damaged and 16.28 lakh hectares of cropped country were affected. 1 Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Entire figure of people affected 1 Drought 1987 300,000,000 2 Drought 2002 300,000,000 3 Drought 1972 200,000,000 4 Flood 1993 128,000,000 5 Drought 1965 100,000,000 6 Drought 1982 100,000,000 7 Drought 2000 50,000,000 8 Flood 2002 42,000,000 9 Flood 1975 34,000,000 10 Flood 1982 33,500,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Table1.2 Top 10 Natural Disasters in India during 1900-2012 in footings of economic harm Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Damage ( 000 US $ ) 1 Flood 1993 7,000,000 2 Flood 2006 3,390,000 3 Flood 2005 3,330,000 4 Earthquake 2001 2,623,000 5 Storm 1999 2,500,000 6 Flood 2004 2,500,000 7 Flood 2005 2,300,000 8 Storm 1990 2,200,000 9 Flood 2009 2,150,000 10 Flood 2010 1,680,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Droughts and inundations were the catastrophes which affected maximal figure of people in India. Table1.1 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of entire figure of people affected during 1900-2012. In footings of economic harm it was once more the inundations which had caused immense economic losingss to India. Table1.2 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of economic harm during 1900-2012.1.2 CatastropheSo what is a catastrophe? Let ‘s discuss about it. Disaster is defined as happening of calamity in any country which may be due to natural or manmade causes. It can happen as an accident or due to negligence and may ensue in loss of human life and/or cattle life and/or harm to belongings. It may besides take to debasement of environment. Community of the affected country normally do n't hold the capacity to get by with the state of affairs without external support. 2 Catastrophes can be classified into two wide types: natural catastrophes and manmade catastrophes. The High Power Committee on catastrophe direction in India, constituted in 1999, has identified 31 different catastrophes which can be categorized into five major groups. 3 I. Water and clime related catastrophes two. Geological catastrophes three. Chemical, industrial and atomic catastrophes four. Accident related catastrophes v. Biological catastrophes1.2.1 Disaster directionDisaster direction is necessary non merely for prompt response during catastrophe but for bar of it and for decrease of hazard and badness of any catastrophe. It is a uninterrupted and incorporate procedure of planning, organizing, organizing and implementing different activities and steps. It includes readiness, appraisal of magnitude of effects, prompt response such as emptying, deliverance and alleviation. It besides includes rehabilitation and reconstruction.2 A typical catastrophe direction rhythm has six elements ; the pre-disaster stage comprises of bar, extenuation and readiness while the post-disaster stage comprises of response, rehabilitation, Reconstruction and recovery. 4 Traditionally, direction of any catastrophe worldwide, focussed on immediate deliverance and alleviation operation, so as in India. After the Great Famine of 1876-1878 in India, the Famine Commission was constituted in 1880. The Famine Relief Code was besides adopted. 5 Relief sections were set up under British regulation for exigencies during catastrophes. After independency, catastrophe direction in each province was looked after by Relief Commissioners, under Cardinal Relief Commissioner. Their function were limited to distribution of alleviation stuff in the affected countries. 3 Consequent upon announcement of the decennary 1990-2000 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ( IDNDR ) by the general assembly of the United Nations 6 and the universe conference on natural catastrophes decrease at Yokohama, Japan in 1994, Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee in August, 1999. 7 The High Power Committee gave its recommendations in October 2001 including a bill of exchange of the catastrophe direction measure and suggested for the constitution of National Disaster Management Authority. 3, 5 After Odisha Super Cyclone ( 1999 ) and Gujarat Earthquake ( 2001 ) , India changed its catastrophe direction attack from reactive to proactive. 8 After the super cyclone, the Government of Odisha established the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority ( OSDMA ) . 51.2.2 Relative frequence and effects of catastrophesWorld meteoric organisation statistics shows that harm caused by natural catastrophes during 1963-2002 was worst for inundations ( Flood-32 % , Tropical cyclone-30 % , Droughts-22 % , Earthquakes-10 % and other disasters-6 % ) . 3 78.4 % of all catastrophe events worldwide occur due to hydro-meteorological causes and 47.94 % of all catastrophe deceases worldwide are due to hydro-meteorological catastrophes from 1900 to 2009. 3 Children and adult females are the most vulnerable group as 85 % of the deceases during catastrophes are of adult females and kids. 31.3 FloodFlood is defined as ‘the status that occurs when H2O overflows the natural or unreal confines of a watercourse, river, or other organic structure of H2O, or accumulates by drainage over low-lying countries ‘ . 9 Flood can happen in a little localised country due to heavy rainfall over a sustained period of clip and the attendant drainage job. Flash implosion therapy occurs when it rains excessively rapidly, by and large for less than six hours. But river inundations are normally of longer continuance as it may last a hebdomad or more and in some instances for months together doing more harm to human lives and farm animal. Coastal inundations are caused by tsunami, heavy costal rainfall and tidal action.10 River inundations are expected in some geographical countries. Peoples by and large welcome inundations as they provide rich dirt for cultivation and H2O for assorted intents. But flood at an unexpected graduated table and with inordinate frequence causes harm to lives, farm animal and the environment. Matter of concern is that, there is addition in the frequence and strength of inundations in many parts of the universe including India due to current clime change.111.3.1 Flood in IndiaThe Indian sub-continent is extremely vulnerable to assorted types of natural catastrophes like drouths, inundations, cyclones, temblors, and landslides etc. India is one of the 10 worst catastrophe prone states of the universe. 3 Among all these natural catastrophes that occur in the state, river inundations are the most frequent and frequently the most annihilating. In India, 40 million hectares of land which is about one-eighth of the entire country of the state is prone to inundations. Flood occurs in 23 out of entire 35 provinces and brotherhood districts in the state. 3 To command inundation in the state, The National Flood Control Program was launched in India in 1954. 31.3.2 Flood in OdishaOdisha province which is situated in the east seashore of India is one of the most vulnerable Indian provinces to climate change.12 It is located between 170 48 ‘ N and 220 35 ‘ N latitudes, and 810 47 ‘ E and 870 32 ‘ E longitudes. 1 The chief rivers of Odisha are Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha, Rushikulya etc. These rivers are perennial with sulky flow throughout the dry season. With the oncoming of monsoon they swell threateningly and deluge big countries. 1 Odisha experiences terrible inundations in about every two old ages. 131.3.3 Flood in Kendrapara territory of OdishaKendrapara territory is one of the coastal territories of Odisha. After separation from Cuttack territory as a separate territory in 1993, Kendrapara has faced terri ble inundations in 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 13and late in 2011.14 Harmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, Kendrapara territory was severely hit by inundation in 2011. All the nine development blocks in the territory were affected. 473 small towns of 116 Gram Panchayats and two Urban Local Bodies ( ULBs ) were affected. Entire figure of population affected were 507145 ( Third highest after 625897 in Puri territory and 526923 in Cuttack territory ) with 13 human casualties ( Highest in the province ) . 27000 houses were damaged ( Second highest after Puri territory ) including kuchha and pucca houses. 11.3.4 Health effects of inundationFloods are frequently considered the most frequent and dearly-won of all natural catastrophes in footings of human agony and economic loss.15 Health impacts of inundation vary between populations and these depend on the physical exposure of population, single every bit good as community readiness and the type and continuance of flood event. The immediate wellness effects of inundation can be submerging, hurt, acute asthma, tegument roseolas, stomach flu, and respiratory infections. The mid-term effects of inundation are infected lesions, toxic condition, catching diseases, and famishment. The long-run wellness effects of inundation can be disablement, hapless mental wellness and malnutrition. 16 Approximately two-thirds of the flood deceases can be attributed to submerging. This implies that other one-third human deaths are due to causes other than submerging, such as physical injury, bosom onslaught, fire, C monoxide toxic condition and electrocution.17 In inundation state of affairss, there are ever increased opportunity of transmittal of diseases like cholera, cryptosporidiosis, infantile paralysis, rotavirus, enteric fever and paratyphoid, particularly in countries if the community does non hold entree to safe imbibing H2O and sanitation.18 Common mental upsets like anxiousness, depression and posttraumatic emphasis upset are common after a nerve-racking event of an exceptionally baleful nature like terrible inundation. 18 These may attest with symptoms like upseting memories, turning away of fortunes associated with the stressor, sleep perturbations, crossness and deficiency of concentration.18 Loss of cherished ownerships in inundation can hold much more impact than fiscal losingss. 19 One survey found a four times increase in unwellnesss among people whose places were flooded compared with those whose places were non flooded.20 Referrals to infirmaries were more than double from the flooded families than not flooded families for the old ages following the inundations in Europe. 21 One community degree survey in rural Odisha, India shows that exposure to inundations is associated with long-run malnutrition. Children who are exposed to inundations during their first twelvemonth of life show higher degrees of chronic malnutrition compared to the kids who are non exposed to deluge during their infancy.221.4 Public wellness system and inundationPublic wellness system should stay prepared to supply exigency services to the community as the demand may increase all of a sudden when inundation strikes the community. 23 but public wellness systems face tonss of jobs in pull offing the inundation state of affairs.1.4.1 ProblemsFlood can hold impact on the public wellness attention systems in two ways. The direct impact is due to structural harm to wellness installations and the secondary impact is through other direction jobs. 24 Scarcity of resources reduces the ability of the wellness system to react efficaciously. 25 Public wellness systems besides face jobs in presenting services due to population supplanting and power failure. Population supplanting leads to herding and sanitation job around the impermanent colonies. This may take to outbreak of diseases. 26 Water intervention workss may halt working due to power failure job during inundations. This increases the hazard for waterborne diseases. Power failure job besides affects proper operation of wellness installations such as care of cold concatenation. 26 Disease surveillance in affected countries is of import to understand the impact of inundation on diseases. But acquiring accurate and timely information during inundation is often disputing. 26 Healthcare instantly after inundation is frequently delivered by many bureaus and organisations. Coordination among them at that clip becomes a challenge. 261.4.2 ReadinessIn general inundation readiness steps include building of dikes, land usage planning, watershed direction, inundation prediction and warning system, inundation eventuality planning and readiness of community for self-defense activity and capacity edifice programmes. 11 Public and the public governments ever focus on structural intercessions that modify and control the velocity and the force of flood.10 Primary wellness Centres under public wellness system are the chief wellness attention establishments in rural countries to cover with wellness impacts of catastrophes. 27, 28 Poor people are more likely to be affected than the wealthier, when public wellness establishments are affected. 29 To cut down the wellness impacts on a population significantly, wellness system should hold information on impending inundation. 30 Flood readiness planning for public wellness system should be an on-going procedure. It should embrace all stakeholders so that the corporate wisdom can be utilised to cut down the impact of inundation, to take necessary action during the inundation event and to take up proper rehabilitation and recovery activities. 31 but it is a common fact that public wellness planning processes in most of the states including India are based on premises and guesss instead than grounds. 271.4.3 CommunityNational Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) has advised the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Rural Development to turn to the concerns of catastrophe direction in the preparation of representatives of the Panchayati Raj Institutions and local organic structures. Women Self Help Groups ( SHGs ) , Anganwadi workers and adult females voluntaries are playing a lead funct ion in catastrophe direction readiness. Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) workers are besides easing first assistance and hunt and deliverance preparation for big figure of people. 8 So community should be cognizant about their exposure and strength. They are themselves the first respondents to any type of catastrophes. Education and preparation of the general community in first assistance and resuscitation decidedly helps in salvaging many lives before formal medical assistance reaches the catastrophe site. Evaluations of developing plans on first assistance and resuscitation have shown good consequences. Contingency plans and extenuation programs for inundation become successful merely when the planning procedure involves all the community members and it take into history the bing societal constructions and dynamics.32 It has been estimated that, 80-90 per centum of wellness attention demands in the first 24 hours after inundation strikes the community can be managed by trained voluntaries from the community itself. This besides reduces the work load on the public wellness system. 331.4.4 Public wellness workersEnrolling and retaining human resources in public wellness system is an all clip challenge. There is acute deficit of human resources in rural countries and it is felt clearly during catastrophes like inundation. 34 But Training of available human resource in flood direction can cut down the service spread during inundation well. 35 Training and capacity edifice of wellness forces is one of the most of import elements of catastrophe readiness program of public wellness system. Trained work force shows assurance in managing exigency state of affairss. Evaluation of preparation and capacity edifice activities are normally done by comparing pre-tests and post-tests36 but the existent rating of competence and effectivity occurs as the jeopardy strikes the community. Training besides helps to detect inadequacies in accomplishments, determination pickings pattern and information systems. 37 Training should hold theory Sessionss based on success narratives elsewhere in the universe and mock Sessionss supplying accomplishments to cover with the practical job. The most of import thing is that there should be refresher preparations on a regular basis with regular updating of cognition. 38 There should be more capacity edifice activities for community degree wellness workers as they are the first contact points for the community in exigency state of affairss like inundation. These activities should be based on recognized scientific attacks but adapted to the local culture.391.5 Public wellness system in OdishaCommissioner-cum-secretary of section of wellness is the administrative caput of the section and studies to the wellness curate. Nine managers and the drug accountant of Odisha study straight to the commissioner-cum-secretary. These managers are Mission Director, National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) ; Project Director, Odisha State AIDS Control Society ( OSACS ) ; Dir ector, Medical Education and Training ; Director, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre ( AHRCC ) ; Director, Family Welfare ; Director, Health Services ; Director, Public Health ; Director, State Institute of Health and Family Welfare ( SIHFW ) ; Director, Indian System of Medicine ( ISM ) and Homeopathy. Commissioner-cum-secretary is besides helped by secretaries at assorted degrees such as particular secretary, extra secretary, joint secretary, deputy secretary and under secretary. ( Annexure-1 ) District wellness disposal is headed by head territory medical officer. Public wellness system below territory degree has been described in the subdivision 3.1 ( Health system in the survey territory ) of consequence chapter. Table1.3 gives an thought about the figure of public wellness attention establishments in Odisha which provide services to entire population of 41,947,358 ( Rural 34,951,234 and Urban 6,996,124 ) in Odisha.40 Medical College and Hospitals 3 District Hospitals ( 30 territories + Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar & A ; Rourkela General Hospital ) 32 Sub-Divisional Hospitals 26 Community Health Centres 377 Other Hospitals 79 Primary Health Centres 1228 Sub-Centres 6688 Ayurvedic Hospitals 2 Ayurvedic College & A ; Hospitals 3 Ayurvedic Dispensaries 619 Homoeopathic College & A ; Hospitals 4 Homoeopathic Dispensaries 561 Unani Dispensaries 9 Source- Annual Activity Report 2011-12, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Odisha.1.5.1 Public wellness system response to inundation in OdishaDirectorate of Public Health in Odisha has been created by a declaration of Department of Health & A ; Family Welfare in 2009. Disaster direction is one of the chief activities of the board of directors. 14 The State unit of Integrated Disease Surveillance Project ( IDSP ) becomes the province control room during inundation. During 2011 inundation, 135 medical alleviation squads were deployed and 482 Medical Relief Centers were opened in the inundation affected districts.141,73,374 packages of ORS and 52,74,613 Halogen tablets were distributed. 11.6 Rationale for the surveySuccessful direction of wellness impacts of inundation depends on the coordination of assorted sections and bureaus with the wellness section, cooperation from the community and leading of the wellness section. This can merely be achieved by bettering the ap prehension of wellness hazards in local scenes and of the societal and cultural qualifiers of those risks.17 Research on inundation hazards and response has mostly focused on economic sciences, support and agribusiness. Very few researches have given attending to wellness dimension of inundation. 41 A study of primary wellness centres in Jagatsinghpur territory of Odisha, surrounding territory of Kendrapara was done instantly after 2008 inundation. The aims were to measure the readiness and functional capacity of primary wellness centres in the territory for inundation response. Pretested questionnaire was used to interview medical officers merely. Health workers and other back uping staffs were non interviewed. 42 No mentions of survey conducted in Kendrapara territory which tries to understand the wellness hazards of community and wellness staffs, inter and intra wellness section work kineticss, outlook and cooperation of community and community based organisations in flood state of affairss were found. This survey is an effort to understand these local wellness system kineticss which can be utilized to alter the policy for better readiness of wellness system to pull off and extenuate the inauspicious wellness impacts of inundation in Kendrapara territory.1.7 Aims of the surveyaˆ? To analyze the major jobs encountered by public wellness workers in presenting the services after inundation aˆ? To analyze the readiness of public wellness workers for pull offing inundation state of affairs aˆ? To happen out the capacity spreads of public wellness workers in covering with inundation state of affairs